Injuries of Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnmhs.v7i6.992Keywords:
Anterior cruciate ligament, Injuries, Biomechanism, Epidemiology, Healing, Failure of healingAbstract
The anterior cruciate ligament is an important structure maintaining knee stability. ACL injuries are very commonly seen. They cause substantial effect in the younger population, mainly seen in sports injuries either by contact or non-contact mode, affects productivity and physical activity after injury, causes economic burden of surgeries and rehabilitation and post-operative complications. They fail to heal owing to various factors such as a low number of cells, poor vascularity, the inhibitory effect of synovial fluid. Newer approaches to surgeries are evolving to provide better treatment. Hence, a review will enrich the understanding of the pattern of ACL injuries and its application in novel ways of surgical repair.
References
Sayampanathan AA, Howe BKT, Bin Abd Razak HR, Chi CH, Tan AHC. Epidemiology of surgically managed anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in a sports surgery practice. J Orthop Surg. 2017;25:230949901668428.
Gornitzky AL, Lott A, Yellin JL, Fabricant PD, Lawrence JT, Ganley TJ. Sport-specific yearly risk and incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears in high school athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:2716–23.
Kaeding CC, Léger-St-Jean B, Magnussen RA. Epidemiology and diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Clin sports med. 2017;36:1–8.
Ingram JG, Fields SK, Yard EE, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of knee injuries among boys and girls in US high school athletics. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1116–22.
Joseph AM, Collins CL, Henke NM, Yard EE, Fields SK, Comstock RD. A multisport epidemiologic comparison of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in high school athletics. J Athl Train. 2013;48:810–7.
Mather RC, Koenig L, Kocher MS, Dall TM, Gallo P, Scott DJ, et al. Societal and economic impact of anterior cruciate ligament tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:1751–9.
John R, Dhillon MS, Syam K, Prabhakar S, Behera P, Singh H. Epidemiological profile of sports-related knee injuries in northern India: An observational study at a tertiary care centre. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2016;7:207–11.
Kochhal N, Thakur R, Gawande V. Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in a rural tertiary care hospital. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2019;8:4032.
Sanders TL, Maradit Kremers H, Bryan AJ, Larson DR, Dahm DL, Levy BA, et al. Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears and reconstruction: a 21-year population-based study. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:1502–7.
Yoo JH, Lim BO, Ha M, Lee SW, Oh SJ, Lee YS, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of neuromuscular training on the prevention of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18:824–30.
Takahashi S, Nagano Y, Ito W, Kido Y, Okuwaki T. A retrospective study of mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in high school basketball, handball, judo, soccer, and volleyball. Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Apr 19];98. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6616929/
Waldén M, Krosshaug T, Bjørneboe J, Andersen TE, Faul O, Hägglund M. Three distinct mechanisms predominate in non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in male professional football players: a systematic video analysis of 39 cases. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:1452–60.
Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, Heidt RS, Colosimo AJ, McLean SG, et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:492–501.
Nagano Y, Ida H, Akai M, Fukubayashi T. Gender differences in knee kinematics and muscle activity during single limb drop landing. The Knee. 2007;14:218–23.
Murray MM, Martin SD, Martin TL, Spector M. Histological changes in the human anterior cruciate ligament after rupture: J Bone Jt Surg-Am Vol. 2000;82:1387–97.
Kiapour AM, Murray MM. Basic science of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair. Bone Jt Res. 2014;3:20–31.
Georgiev GP, Kotov G, Iliev A, Slavchev S, Ovtscharoff W, Landzhov B. A comparative study of the epiligament of the medial collateral and the anterior cruciate ligament in the human knee. Immunohistochemical analysis of collagen type I and V and procollagen type III. Ann Anat - Anat Anz. 2019;224:88–96.
Vavken P, Murray MM. The potential for primary repair of the ACL. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2011;19:44–9.
Bray RC, Leonard CA, Salo PT. Correlation of healing capacity with vascular response in the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the rabbit. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:1118–23.
von Porat A, Roos EM, Roos H. High prevalence of osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligament tear in male soccer players: a study of radiographic and patient relevant outcomes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:269–73.
Wang H-D, Wang F-S, Gao S-J, Zhang Y-Z. Remnant preservation technique versus standard technique for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Orthop Surg. 2018;13:231.
Hoogeslag RAG, Brouwer RW, Boer BC, de Vries AJ, Huis in ‘t Veld R. Acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture: repair or reconstruction? two-year results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47:567–77.
Zhao L, Lu M, Deng M, Xing J, Xu T. Arthroscopy primary double-bundle repair of anterior cruciate ligament with internal brace augmentation and a knotless anchor implant. Arthrosc Tech. 2020;9:e1927–35.
Murray MM, Fleming BC, Badger GJ, The BEAR Trial Team, Freiberger C, Henderson R, et al. Bridge-enhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair is not inferior to autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at 2 years: results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48:1305–15.
Heusdens CHW. ACL repair: a game changer or will history repeat itself? a critical appraisal. J Clin Med. 2021;10:912.
Gobbi A, Whyte GP. Long-term outcomes of primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament combined with biologic healing augmentation to treat incomplete tears. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46:3368–77.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Advance Research in Medical & Health Science (ISSN: 2208-2425)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Licensing
Ninety Nine Publication publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This licensing allows for any use of the work, provided the original author(s) and source are credited, thereby facilitating the free exchange and use of research for the advancement of knowledge.
Detailed Licensing Terms
Attribution (BY): Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
No Additional Restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
