Geochemical Exploration for Heavy Metals in the Stream Sediments of Okemesi-Ijero Area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnas.v3i4.648Keywords:
Sediment, Bedrock, Heavy metals, Mineralization, Structures, GeochemistryAbstract
The bedrocks and gold mineralization have been widely studied especially, in the southern extension of the Ilesha schist belt, but information regarding stream sediments in the area is rarely available in literature. The present study therefore, focused on stream sediments geochemical survey of Okemesi/Ijero axis within the northern extension of Ilesha schist belt using an integrated approach to elucidate the heavy metals potentials and its possible controlling environmental geological conditions. Detailed geological survey involved lithological and structural assessment of the bedrocks. Thirty-five (35) stream sediment samples were collected at a depth of 20-25cm. Major oxides of the stream sediments for major elements were determined using atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). Trace and rare earth elemental analysis was done using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Data evaluation was carried out using statistical packages for software simulation. Results showed that bedrock types are quartzbiotite-schists, banded-gneiss, granite-gneiss, biotite-gneiss, calc-gneiss, porphyritic granites, charnockites, massive and schistose quartzites, mica-schists. Structural assessment of the bedrocks revealed folds, fractures and veins as products of Precambrian deformations. Sediments have relatively high concentration of heavy metals such as Mn (387-200ppm), Zn(76.5- 18.52ppm), Pb(39.81-20.23ppm), La 36.2-15.5ppm), Cu(12.68-13.65ppm). However, the folds, fractures and veins provided the groundwork for epigenetic type of mineralization in the studied area.
References
Affaton, P., Rahaman, M.A., Trompette, R and Sougy, J. (1991). The Dahomeyide Orogen: tectonothermal evolution and relationships with the Volta Basin. In: R.D. Dallmeyer, and J.P. Lécorché , J.P. (Eds). The West African Orogens and Circum-Atlantic Correlatives.
IUGS- IGCP-UNESCO Project 233, Springer-VErlag, pp. 107-122.
Akanni, C.O. (1992). Aspect of Climate in Ogun State in maps edited by onakomuye, S.O ., Oyesiku, and Jegede, F.J. Ife Journal of Science. Volume 4 (2): 5-6
Akintola, A.I., Ikhane, P.R., Bankole, S.I., Adeokurolere, D.N. (2013). Petrography and Stream sediment geochemistry of Ede and its environs, southwestern Nigeria. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining. 3(6):2276-6618.
Allen, J.R.L (1965). Late Quaternary environments and lithofacies. American Association of Petrology and Geology Bulletin 49: 547-600.
Awosika, O.A and Akpati, B.N., (1982). Reconnaissance of heavy minerals in Nigeria river sediments near Onitsha. Anambra State, Nigeria. Nigerian Minerals and Geoscience society. 19 :110-113.
Bamgboye, O.S. and Adekeye, J.I.D. (2011). Stream sediment geochemical survey of Eruku and its environs, central Nigeria : Implications for Exploration. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences 7(2) :160-172.
Beus, A.A. and Grigorian, S.V. (1977). Geochemical exploration methods for mineral deposits. Applied Publishing Limited. USA. 31-270.
Clifford, T.N., 1970. The structural framework of Africa In Clifford, T.N and Gass, I.G (eds) African magmatism and tectonics, Edinburg: Oliver & Boyd, 1-26.
Dempster A.N. (1967). (GSN). 1:250,000 Sheet 61, Akure.
de Swardt, A.M.J., (1953).The geology of the country around Ilesha. Geological Survey of Nigeria, Bulletin No. 23.
Elueze, A.A. (2000). Compositional appraisal and petrotectonic significance of the Imelu banded
ferruginous rock in the Ilesha schist belt, southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 36(1): 9-18.
Fadipe, A.A (1988). Chemical composition of Niobium-Tantalite from granitic pegmatite and alkali granites (Egbe and Ijero mineralized region). Journal of Mining and Geology, 7:42-47.
Hubbard, F.H., (1966). A provisional report on the geology of Sheet 262(Apomu) and parts of sheet 263(Ondo). Geological Survey of Nigeria report. No. 1341(Unpublished).
Kennedy, W.Q., (1965). The influence of basement structure on the evolution of coastal (Mesozoic and Tertiary Basin of Africa) In: Salt basins around Africa. London Institute of Petroleum. 16pp.
Jacobson, R.E.E. and Webb, J.S.(1946). The Pegmatites of Central Nigeria. Geological Surrvey of Nigeria Bulletin. 16pp.
Matheis, G., (1987). Nigerian rare metal pegmatites and their lithologic framework.Journal of geology 22 :271-291.
Matheis, G., & Caen-Vachette, M.,(1983). Rb-Sr isotopic study of rare metal-bearing and barren pegmatites in the Pan-African reactivation zone of Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 1, 35-40.
Mumbfu, E.M., Nforba, M.T., Cheo, E.S. (2014). Geochemical dispersion of gold in stream sediment in Paleoproterozoic Nyong Series, Southern Cameroon. Science Research. 2(6):155-165.
Macleod W.N., (1954) .The geology of Jos-Bukuru younger granite complex with particular reference to the distribution of columbite. Records of geochemical survey of Nigeria. 1-17.
Nedeco., (1961).The waters of the Niger delta- The Hague, 317p
O’Connor, P.J. and Reimann, C., 1993 Multielement regional geochemical reconnaissance as an aid to target selection in Irish Caledonian terrains. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 47:63 -89.
Rupasinghe, D.L, Ranasighe, G.W.A.R, Fernado, C.B, Dissanayake, M.S. (2009). Statistical evaluation of stream sediment geochemistry in interpreting the river catchment of highgrade metamorphic terrains. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 103:97-114.
Turkey, J.W. 1977. ”Box and whisker plots” ¤2C in Exploratory Data Analysis Reading, M A: Addison-Wesley, 39-43.
Watts, D.W., and Johnson, M.H., (2012). Geochemical mapping using stream sediments inwest-central Nigeria. Implications for environmental studies and mineral exploration in west Africa. Applied geochemistry, 27 (6): 1035-1062.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
