Determining the Fit of a Technology Strategy: An Application of the “Fit As Gestalt” Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnmce.v3i12.312Keywords:
Technology Strategy, Strategy Integration, Evaluation ofSstrategy Fit, nternal Alignment, External AlignmentAbstract
Studies have shown that the success of different technology strategies varies with the conditions under which they are derived, e.g. internal or external boundary conditions. Thus, technology strategies fitted to the requirements of an enterprise are a key success factor. Until now, there is little research work done to determine the fit of a technology strategy. Therefore, in our research project, we developed a method to analyse and determine the fit of a technology strategy of an enterprise with its specific internal organizational and strategic context as well as with its external boundary conditions. Prior research on the nterrelationships between technology strategy and influencing factors is mainly focused on single parameters. This article brings an integrated view to the fit of a technology strategy by applying the »fit as gestalts« perspective as well as cybernetic reasoning to the research field of technology strategy.
References
R.S. Rosenbloom, Ed., Technology Strategy: A Guide to the Literature, ser. Research on technological innovation, management and policy A research annual. Greenwich, United States: Jai Press, pp. 25-152, 1989
H.I. Ansoff and J.M. Stewart, “Strategies for a technology-based business”, Harvard Business Review, pp. 71-84, 1967
W.R. Ashby, An introduction to cybernetics, London, United Kingdom: Methuen, 1957
Bea, F.X. and J. Haas, Strategisches Management, Konstanz, Germany: UVK, 2013
S. Beer, Kybernetik und Management, Hamburg, Germany: Fischer, 1962
S. Beer, Kybernetische Führungslehre (English title: The Brain of the Firm), Frankfurt a. M., Germany: Herder & Herder, 1973
S. Beer, The heart of the enterprise, Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 1979
S. Beer, Diagnosing the system for organizations, Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 1985
M. Beer, S. C. Voelpel, M. Leibold, and E. B. Tekie, “Strategic management as organizational learning: Developing fit and alignment
through a disciplined process”, Long Range Planning, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 445-465, 2005
T. Berger, „Methode zur Entwicklung und Bewertung innovativer Technologiestrategien“, Doctor Thesis, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany, 2006
M. M. J. Berry and J. H. Taggart, “Combining technology and corporate strategy in small high tech firms”, Research Policy, vol. 26, no. 7-8, pp. 883-895, 1998
V. Binder and J. Kantowsky, Technologiepotentiale. Neuausrichtung der Gestaltungsfelder des strategischen Technologiemanagements, Wiesbaden, Germany: DUV, 1996
R. K. F. Bresser, Strategische Managementtheorie, Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, Germany, 1998
V. Brink, “Verfahren zur Entwicklung konsistenter Produkt- und Technologiestrategien“, Doctor Thesis, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany, 2010
H. Brodbeck, Strategische Entscheidungen im Technologie-Management. Relevanz und Ausgestaltung in der unternehmerischen Praxis, Zürich, Switzerland: Industrielle Organisation, 1999
R.S. Rosenbloom, Ed., Technology strategy: An evolutionary process perspective, ser. Research on technological innovation, management and policy A research annual. Greenwich, United States: Jai Press, pp. 1-25, 1989
R.C. Dorf, Eds., Design and Implementation of Technology Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective, ser. The technology management handbook. Boca Raton, United States: CRC Press LLC, pp. 16.1-16.17, 1999
A. N. Chester, “Aligning technology with business strategy”, Research Technology Management, vol. 37, no. 1, pp.1-12, 1994
K. Clarke, D. Ford, M. Saren and R. Thomas, “Technology strategy in UK firms”, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp.169-191, 1995
B. Clemson, Cybernetics: A New Management Tool, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Abacus Press, 1991
R. Cooper, “Product Innovation and Technology Strategy”, Research Technology Management, vol. 43, no. 1, pp.38-41, 2000
C. Davis, Managing Through Metrics: The Other Sides of Smart. 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.metisstrategy.com/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/Managing-Through-Metrics-The-Other-Sides-of- SMART-Metis-Strategy-Chris-Davis-March-2013-Full.pdf. Accessed: Oct. 05, 2014
M. Dodgson and R. Rothwell, “Technology Strategy in Small Firms”, Journal of General Management, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 45-55, 1991
M. Ehrat, „Kompetenzorientierte, analysegestützte Technologiestrategieerarbeitung“, Doctor Thesis, Universität St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland, 1997
C. Feldmann, Strategisches Technologiemanagement. Eine empirische Untersuchung am Beispiel des deutschen Pharma-Marktes 1990 – 2010, Wiesbaden, Germany: DUV, 2007
J. Fischer, Technologie und Wettbewerbsvorteile. Grundzüge einer Theorie des wertorientierten strategischen Technologie managements, Wiesbaden, Germany: DUV, 2002
P. Flachskampf, „Beiträge zur systemorientierten Managementforschung mit kybernetischen Verfahren zur Gestaltung organisatorischer Systeme unterschiedlicher Rekursionsebenen“, Doctor Thesis, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, 2011
S. C. Fleming, “Using Technology for Competitive Advantage”, Research-Technology Management, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 38-41, 1991
D. Ford and C. Ryan, “Taking Technology to Market”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 117-126, 1981
D. Ford, “Develop your Technology Strategy”, Long Range Planning, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 85-95, 1988
B. Williams and I. Imam, Eds., Evolutionary and Behavioral Characteristics of Systems, ser. Systems Concepts in Evaluation. An expert anthology. Point Reyes, United States: American Evaluation Association, pp. 197-214, 2006
J. Forrest, “A System-Based, Qualitative Inference Method of Heuristics for Foresight and Futures Studies”, Doctor Thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, United Kingdom, 2009
J. Friar and M. Horwitch, “The emergence of technology strategy”, Technology in Society, vol. 7, no. 2-3, pp. 143-178, 1985
A. Gomeringer, „Eine integrative, prognosebasierte Vorgehensweise zur strategischen Technologieplanung für Produkte“, Doctor Thesis, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2007
P. Gomez, Die kybernetische Gestaltung des Operations Managements. Eine Systemmethodik zur Entwicklung anpassungsfähiger
Organisationsstrukturen, Bern, Switzerland: Haupt, 1978
P. Gomez and G.J.B. Probst, Die Praxis des ganzheitlichen Problemlösens. Vernetzt denken, unternehmerisch handeln, persönlich überzeugen, Bern, Switzerland: Haupt, 1999
F. Heylighen, “Cybernetics and second order cybernetics”, Encyclopedia of physical science & technology, vol. 2001, no. 4, pp. 155-170, 2001
C.W. Hofer and D. Schendel, Strategy formulation. Analytical concepts, St. Paul, United States: West Pub. Co., 1978
Y.-A Huang., H.-J. Chung and C. Lin, “R&D sourcing strategies: Determinants and consequences”, Technovation, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 155-169, 2009
M. Klein, Erfolgsfaktoren technologieorientierter Wettbewerbsstrategien. Eine modellbasierte Analyse der Wettbewerbswirkungen
forschungsintensiver Produktinnovationen, Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humblot, 1998
H. Tschirky, Ed., Externe Technologie-Akquisition, ser. Technologie-Management. Idee und Praxis. Zürich, Switzerland: Industrielle Organisation, pp. 437-476, 1998
M. Levin-Rozalis, “Cybernetics: A possible solution for the “knowledge gap” between “external” and “internal” in evaluation processes”,
Evaluation and Program Planning, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 333-342, 2010
S. Liao, “Technology management methodologies and applications”, Technovation, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 381-393, 2005
K. Macharzina and J. Engelhard, „Internationalisierung der Unternehmenstätigkeit. Vorüberlegungen zur Konzeption eines Forschungsprogramms“, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, 1984
K. Macharzina and J.Wolf, Unternehmensführung. Das internationale Managementwissen; Konzepte - Methoden – Praxis, Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler, 2010
M. A. Maidique, M. Tushman and W. L. Moore, Corporate Strategy and Technology Policy. Readings in the management of innovation, Cambridge, United States: Ballinger, 1982
F. Malik, Strategie des Managements komplexer Systeme. Ein Beitrag zur Management-Kybernetik evolutionärer Systeme, Bern, Switzerland: Haupt, 2008
M. V. Martin and K. Ishii, Eds., Design for Variety: A Methodology for Understanding the Costs of Product Proliferation, ser. Design Theory and Methodology. Irvine, United States, 1996
M. V. Martin and K. Ishii, Eds., Design for Variety: Development of Complexity Indices and Design Charts, ser. Advances in Design Automation. Sacramento, United States, 1997
D. Miller, “Strategy-Making in Context: Ten Empirical Archetypes”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 14, no 3, pp. 253-280, 1977
D. Miller, “Evolution and revolution: A quantum view of structural change in organizations”, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 19., no 2, pp. 131-151, 1982
M. E. Porter, “What is strategy?”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 1996, pp. 61-78, 1996
G. J. Probst, Integriertes Management. Bausteine des systemorientierten Managements, Bern, Switzerland: Haupt, 1985
G. Probst and P. Gomez, Vernetztes Denken. Unternehmen ganzheitlich führen, Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler, 1989
G. Probst and P. Gomez, Vernetztes Denken. Ganzheitliches Führen in der Praxis, Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler, 1991
R. M Rieck and K. E. Dickson, “A model of technology strategy”, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol. 5, no. 4, pp.397-412, 1993
A. Rief, Entwicklungsorientierte Steuerung strategischer Unternehmensnetzwerke, Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler, 2008
E. B. Roberts, Strategic Management of Technology: Global Benchmarking (Initial Report). Working Paper #3640. Cambridge, United States: MIT,1993. [Online]. Available: https://ia600305.us.archive.org/8/items/strategicmanagem00robe/strategicmanagem00robe.pdf. Accessed: Oct. 05, 2014
M. Santala and P. Parvinen, “From strategic fit to customer fit”, Management Decision, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 582-601, 2007
C. Scholz, “Corporate culture and strategy – the problem of strategic fit”, Long Range Planning, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 78-87, 1987
G. Schreyögg, Unternehmensstrategie. Grundfragen einer Theorie strategischer Unternehmensführung, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, 1984
G. Schuh; Ed., Strategisches Innovationsmanagement, ser. Innovationsmanagement. Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 17-57, 2012
G. Schuh and S. Klappert, Eds., Technologiestrategie, ser. Technologiemanagement. Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 55-88, 2011
M. Schwaninger, “Systemtheorie. Eine Einführung für Führungskräfte, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschafter“, Institut für Betriebswirtschaft an der Hochschule St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland, 2004
N. Strecker, “Innovation strategy and firm performance. An empirical study of publicly listed firms”, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, 2009
N. Thongpapanl, “The changing landscape of technology and innovation management: An updated ranking of journals in the field”, Technovation, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 257-271, 2012
H. Tschirky, Ed., Konzept und Aufgaben des integrierten Technologiemanagements, ser. Technologie-Management. Idee und Praxis. Zürich, Switzerland: Industrielle Organisation, pp. 193-394, 1998
H. Ulrich and W. Krieg, St. Galler Management-Modell, Bern, Switzerland: Haupt, 1974
H. Ulrich and G. Probst, Anleitung zum ganzheitlichen Denken und Handeln. Ein Brevier für Führungskräfte, Bern, Switzerland: Haupt, 1988
N. Venkatraman and J. C. Camillus, “Exploring the concept of "fit" in strategic management”, Academy of management review, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 513-525,1984
N. Venkatraman, “The concept of fit in strategy research: Toward verbal and statistical correspondence”, Academy of management review, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 423-444, 1989
F. Vester, “The Biocybernetic Approach as a Basis for Planning Our Environment”, Systems Practice, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 399-413, 1988
F. Vester, “The art of interconnected thinking. Ideas and tools for a new approach to tackling complexity”, München, Germany: MCB Pub, 2012
N. Wiener, Cybernetics. Or control and communication in the animal and the machine, New York, United States: M. I. T. Press, 1948
P. White, “Building a sustainability strategy into the business”, Corporate governance, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 386-394, 2009
B. Wolfrum, Strategisches Technologiemanagement, Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler, 1994
J. Wolf, Organisation, Management, Unternehmensführung. Theorien und Kritik, Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler, 2005
M. Yasai-Ardekani, “Effects of Environmental Scarcity and Munificence on the relationship of context to organizational structure”, The Academy of Management Journal, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 131-156, 1989
S. A. Zahra and J. G. Covin, “Business Strategy, Technology Policy and Firm Performance”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 451- 478, 1993
S. A. Zahra, “Technology Strategy and New Venture Performance: A study of corporate-sponsored and independent biotechnology ventures”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 289-321, 1996
S. A. Zahra, “Technology strategy and financial performance: Examining the moderating role of the firm's competitive environment”, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 189-219, 1996
E. J. Zajac, M. S. Kraatz and R. K. F. Bresser, “Modeling the dynamics of strategic fit: A normative approach to strategic change”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 429-453, 2000
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Terms & Condition
Submission -
Author can submit the manuscript through our online submission process or email us at the designated email id in contact details.
The other mode of submission not accepted than online and email.
Before submission please read the submission guidelines.
NN Publication accepts only article submitted in pdf/doc/docx/rtf file format. Another format except given file formats will no be considered .
Author will be responsible for the error mistakes in the submission files. The minor changes can be done without any cost after publication. But for major changes NN Publication may charges you the editing charges.
Publication (Online) -
The online publication is scheduled on last date of every month, but it can be delayed by 24 to 48 hours due to editorial process if huge number of articles comes to publish in single issue.
Automatic notificatation email will be sent to the all users on publication of an issue, so its author’s duty to check their email inbox or SPAM folder to get this notification.
After publication of article author can not withdraw their article.
If editor’s found any issue after publication of article then the NN Publication have the authority to remove the article from online website.
No refund will be provided after online publication of article.
Publication (Print) -
The print copy publication are sent as per the author’s request after 2 weeks of online publication of that issue.
NN Publication will ship the article by India Post and provide the consignment number on dispatch of print copy.
NN Publication follows all the guidelines of delivery provided by IndiaPost and hence not responsible for delay in delivery due to any kind of reasons.
Refund of hard copy will not be provided after dispatch or print of the journal.
NN Publication will be responsible for raise a complain if there is any issue occurs in delivery, but still will not be responsible for providing the refund.
NN Publication will be responsible to resend the print copy only and only if the print copy is lost or print copy is damaged in delivery / or there is delay more than 6 months.
According to India Post the delivery should be completed with in 1-3 weeks after dispatch of articles.
Privacy Policy-
NN Publicationl uses the email ids of authors and editors and readers for sending editorial or publication notification only, we do not reveal or sell the email ids to any other website or company.
