METABOLIC SYNDROME AND PROGESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnmhs.v8i12.1472Keywords:
Chronic Kidney Disease, Diabetes, Hypertension, Lipid, Metabolic SyndromeAbstract
Indicators of metabolic function, cardiovascular health, and inflammation are all components of the metabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of risk factors. The metabolic syndrome is defined and characterized in a variety of different ways, depending on who you ask. Individuals are considered to have metabolic syndrome (MetS) when multiple risk factors for chronic kidney disease, such as obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (high triglyceride and low HDL-C), co-occur within the same person. These risk factors include high triglyceride levels and low HDL-C levels. A high level of triglycerides and a low level of HDL-C are two of these risk factors. A mechanistic explanation for MetS as a cause of CKD would be more convincing than simply stating that the two conditions are connected. Research is absolutely necessary if "black boxes" are to be removed from any postulated chain of causality connecting metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. It has been demonstrated that metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for a number of chronic diseases that are not contagious, some of which are diabetes type 2, coronary heart disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. According to the information that we have, hypertension is the factor that contributes to metabolic syndrome more frequently than any other, which leads to CKD.
References
Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.
Phillips CM. Metabolically healthy obesity: definitions, determinants and clinical implications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2013;14(3):219–27.
Setiati S, Alwi I, Sudoyo AW, Sumadibrata M, Setiyohadi B, Syam AF. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. 6 ed. Jakarta: Interna Publishing; 2014.
Nix S. William’s Basic Nutrition & Diet Therapy. New York: Elsevier Mosby; 2012.
Yang C, Gao B, Zhao X, Su Z, Sun X, Wang H-Y, et al. Executive summary for China kidney disease network (CK-NET) 2016 annual data report. Kidney Int. 2020;98(6):1419–23.
Murphy D, McCulloch CE, Lin F, Banerjee T, Bragg-Gresham JL, Eberhardt MS, et al. Trends in prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(7):473–81.
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention. Natl Hear Lung, Blood Institute; Am Hear Assoc World Hear Fed Int Atheroscler Soc Int Assoc Study Obesity Circ. 2009;120:1640–5.
Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, Jones DW, Batuman V, Fonseca V, et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(3):167–74.
Singh AK, Kari JA. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22(2):198–203.
Zhang X, Lerman LO. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Transl Res. 2017;183:14–25.
Xiao H, Shao X, Gao P, Zou H, Zhang X. Metabolic Syndrome Components and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Community Population Aged 40 Years and Older in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2022;15:839.
Wang Y, Sun B, Sheng L-T, Pan X-F, Zhou Y, Zhu J, et al. Association between weight status, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease among middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(11):2017–26.
Evangelista LS, Cho W-K, Kim Y. Obesity and chronic kidney disease: A population-based study among South Koreans. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0193559.
Huh JH, Yadav D, Kim JS, Son J-W, Choi E, Kim SH, et al. An association of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease from a 10-year prospective cohort study. Metabolism [Internet]. 2017;67:54–61. Tersedia pada: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049516301494
Zimmet P, Magliano D, Matsuzawa Y, et al. The metabolic syndrome: a global public health problem and a new definition. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2005;12:295–300.
Bhowmik D, Tiwari SC. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol. Januari 2008;18(1):1–4.
Locatelli F, Pozzoni P, Del Vecchio L. Renal manifestations in the metabolic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. April 2006;17(4 Suppl 2):S81-5.
Wang S, Denichilo M, Brubaker C, Hirschberg R. Connective tissue growth factor in tubulointerstitial injury of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. Juli 2001;60(1):96–105.
Prasad GVR. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease: Current status and future directions. World J Nephrol. November 2014;3(4):210–9.
Wolf G, Hamann A, Han DC, Helmchen U, Thaiss F, Ziyadeh FN, et al. Leptin stimulates proliferation and TGF-beta expression in renal glomerular endothelial cells: potential role in glomerulosclerosis [seecomments]. Kidney Int. September 1999;56(3):860–72.
Cao Z, Cooper ME. Role of angiotensin II in tubulointerstitial injury. Semin Nephrol. November 2001;21(6):554–62.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Advance Research in Medical & Health Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Licensing
Ninety Nine Publication publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This licensing allows for any use of the work, provided the original author(s) and source are credited, thereby facilitating the free exchange and use of research for the advancement of knowledge.
Detailed Licensing Terms
Attribution (BY): Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
No Additional Restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
