GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS AND THE BEST THERAPY WITH SEVERITY OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnmhs.v9i1.1523Keywords:
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Severity, TherapyAbstract
Because the COVID-19 virus has spread around the world so quickly, there is a severe shortage of medical supplies in every region of the planet. This is especially true of the supplies that are necessary for the treatment of patients who are in a critical condition, such as intensive care and ventilators. Emerging diseases such as COVID-19, which manifest in the respiratory system, are a significant reason for worry. In addition, people who have been identified with COVID-19 frequently have diarrhea in addition to other gastrointestinal symptoms; despite this, the relevance of these data has not been established. Remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), steroids, tocilizumab, interferon alpha or beta, ribavirin, hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine alone or in combination with azithromycin, and baricitinib are some examples of drugs that have the potential to be useful in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Other potential drugs include baricitinib. Because symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and malfunction of the liver are frequently observed in COVID-19, it can be difficult to differentiate between the indicators of the illness and the potential negative consequences of treatment. When deciding on the most effective course of therapy for COVID-19 patients, medical professionals need to take into account the possibility that gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and liver dysfunction are caused either by disease presentations or by drug side effects.
References
WHO Indonesia. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). 2021.
Cao Y, Cai K, Xiong L. Coronavirus disease 2019: A new severe acute respiratory syndrome from Wuhan in China. Acta Virol. 2020;64(2):245–50.
Yuki K; Fujiogi M; Koutsogiannaki S, Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clin Immunol. 2020;215(April).
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Vol. 323, JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association; 2020. hal. 1239–42.
Cipriano M, Ruberti E, Giacalone A. Gastrointestinal Infection Could Be New Focus for Coronavirus Diagnosis. Cureus. Maret 2020;12(3):e7422.
Chakraborty S, Basu A. The COVID-19 pandemic: catching up with the cataclysm. F1000Research. 2020;9.
Ye Q, Wang B, Zhang T, Xu J, Shang S. The mechanism and treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Am J Physiol Liver Physiol [Internet]. 8 Juli 2020;319(2):G245–52. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00148.2020
Parasa S, Desai M, Thoguluva Chandrasekar V, Patel HK, Kennedy KF, Roesch T, et al. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Fecal Viral Shedding in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw open. Juni 2020;3(6):e2011335.
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (London, England). Maret 2020;395(10229):1054–62.
Lin L, Jiang X, Zhang Z, Huang S, Zhang Z, Fang Z, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms of 95 cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gut. Juni 2020;69(6):997–1001.
Fan Z, Chen L, Li J, Cheng X, Yang J, Tian C, et al. Clinical Features of COVID-19-Related Liver Functional Abnormality. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. Juni 2020;18(7):1561–6.
Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. Mei 2020;382(19):1787–99.
Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, et al. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med. November 2020;383(19):1813–26.
Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, Du R, Zhao J, Jin Y, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet (London, England). Mei 2020;395(10236):1569–78.
Rocco PRM, Silva PL, Cruz FF, Melo-Junior MAC, Tierno PFGMM, Moura MA, et al. Early use of nitazoxanide in mild COVID-19 disease: randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Respir J. Juli 2021;58(1).
Stone JH, Frigault MJ, Serling-Boyd NJ, Fernandes AD, Harvey L, Foulkes AS, et al. Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. Desember 2020;383(24):2333–44.
Cavalcanti AB, Zampieri FG, Rosa RG, Azevedo LCP, Veiga VC, Avezum A, et al. Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. November 2020;383(21):2041–52.
Chen C, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yin P, Cheng Z, Wu J, et al. Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. medRxiv [Internet]. 1 Januari 2020;2020.03.17.20037432. Tersedia pada: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/15/2020.03.17.20037432.abstract
Ramachandran P, Swamy L, Kaul V, Agrawal A. A National Strategy for Ventilator and ICU Resource Allocation During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Vol. 158, Chest. United States; 2020. hal. 887–9.
Kotfis K, Williams Roberson S, Wilson JE, Dabrowski W, Pun BT, Ely EW. COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Crit Care. April 2020;24(1):176.
Kontopantelis E, Reeves D. Performance of statistical methods for meta-analysis when true study effects are non-normally distributed: a comparison between DerSimonian-Laird and restricted maximum likelihood. Vol. 21, Statistical methods in medical research. England; 2012. hal. 657–9.
Zhang J-J, Dong X, Cao Y-Y, Yuan Y-D, Yang Y-B, Yan Y-Q, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. Juli 2020;75(7):1730–41.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. Maret 2020;323(11):1061–9.
Hashem WM, Abdelaziz H, Sallam DE, Ismail MA, Ahmed AE. Impact of COVID-19 on digestive system: prevalence, clinical characteristics, outcome, and relation to the severity of COVID-19. Egypt J Intern Med [Internet]. 2022;34(1):45. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-022-00132-w
Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DLA, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hugenholtz P, et al. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol. Januari 2017;15(1):55–63.
Burhan E, Susanti AD, Isbaniah F, Nasution SA, Ginanjar E, Pitoyo CW, et al. Pedoman Tatalaksana COVID-19. 4 ed. Burhan E, Susanti AD, Isbaniah F, Nasution SA, Ginanjar E, Pitoyo CW, et al., editor. Jakarta: Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia (PDPI); Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia (PERKI); Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam Indonesia (PAPDI); Perhimpunan Dokter Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif Indonesia (PERDATIN); Ikatan Dokte; 2022.
Law MF, Ho R, Law KWT, Cheung CKM. Gastrointestinal and hepatic side effects of potential treatment for COVID-19 and vaccination in patients with chronic liver diseases. World J Hepatol. Desember 2021;13(12):1850–74.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Advance Research in Medical & Health Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Licensing
Ninety Nine Publication publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This licensing allows for any use of the work, provided the original author(s) and source are credited, thereby facilitating the free exchange and use of research for the advancement of knowledge.
Detailed Licensing Terms
Attribution (BY): Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
No Additional Restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
