REVIEW ARTICLE: HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PLACENTA AND RELATIONSHIP WITH CORONAVIRUS INFECTION DURING PREGNANCY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnmhs.v9i9.1833Keywords:
Placental Pathology, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2Abstract
During Covid-19 pandemic, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was significantly more severe in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women, leading in a number of health-related consequences that impacted healthcare, including fetal and maternal ramifications. Infection by coronavirus 2 can harm placental tissue by causing a variety of alterations.
The majority of patients with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or have moderate symptoms related to upper respiratory infections that could sometimes escalate to severely sickness, injury of multi-organ, system failure, and death.
Evidence about the effects of maternal infection is growing. Emerging information points to an increase in the dangers associated with obstetrics, such as stillbirth, gestational diabetes, maternal problems, preterm births, hypertensive disorder, reduced intrauterine fetal growth, and a chance of neonatal impairments of development. Generally, it remains contradictory concerns regarding the possibility of vertical transmission.
Further analysis is needed on the placenta and its role in pregnancies with COVID-19 since impairment of placental function effects on fate of pregnancy. The reviewed studies referred to present of changes in the architecture of tissues as histopathological alterations accompanied coronavirus 2 outbreaks. The current review study can be a guide that helps doctors and researchers in the future to clarify effective plans in diagnosing and treating cases of this epidemic to prevent the risks it causes.
References
Aghaaamoo, S., Ghods, K., Rahmanian, M. Pregnant women with COVID-19: The placental involvement and consequences. J. Mol. Histol. 2021, 52, 427–435.
Al-Hetty, H. R. A. K., Jabbar, A. D., Eremin, V. F., Jabbar, A. M., Jalil, A. T., Al-Dulimi, A. G., Gharban, H.A.J., FaryadKhan, M.U., and Saleh, M. M. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in endometriosis. Cell Stress and Chaperones 2023, 28, 2, 145-150
AL-Shaeli, S. J., Ethaeb, A. M., and Gharban, H. A. Determine the glucose regulatory role of decaffeinated Green Tea extract in reduces the metastasis and cell viability of MCF7 cell line. In AIP Conference Proceedings 2022, 2394, 1, 1-8.
Arora, N., Sadovsky, Y., Dermody, T.S., Coyne, C.B. Microbial vertical transmission during human pregnancy. Cell Host Microbe 2017, 21, 561–567.
Bayer, A., Delorme-Axford, E., Sleigher, C., Frey, T.K., Trobaugh, D.W., Klimstra, W.B., Emert-Sedlak, L.A., Smithgall, T.E., Kinchington, P.R., Vadia, S., et al. Human trophoblasts confer resistance to viruses implicated in perinatal infection. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2015, 212, 71.e1–71.e8.
Cardenas, I., Means, R.E., Aldo, P., Koga, K., Lang, S.M., Booth, C.J., Manzur, A., Oyarzun, E., Romero, R., Mor, G. Viral infection of the placenta leads to fetal inflammation and sensitization to bacterial products predisposing to preterm labor. J. Immunol. 2010, 185, 1248–1257.
Dong, L., Pei, S., Ren, Q., Fu, S., Yu, L., Chen, H., Chen, X., Yin, M. Evaluation of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in utero: Nine pregnant women and their newborns. Placenta 2021, 111, 91–96.
Essalmani, R., Jain, J., Susan-Resiga, D., Andréo, U., Evagelidis, A., Derbali, R.M., Huynh, D.N., Dallaire, F., Laporte, M., Delpal, A. Distinctive Roles of Furin and TMPRSS2 in SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity. J. Virol. 2022, 96, e00128-22.
Flannery, D.D., Gouma, S., Dhudasia, M.B., Mukhopadhyay, S., Pfeifer, M.R., Woodford, E.C., Triebwasser, J.E., Gerber, J.S.,Morris, J.S., Weirick, M.E., et al. Assessment of maternal and neonatal cord blood SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and placental transfer ratios. JAMA Pediatr. 2021, 175, 594–600.
Gesaka, S.R., Obimbo, M.M., Wanyoro, A. Coronavirus disease 2019 and the placenta: A literature review. Placenta 2022, 126, 209–223.
Heerema-McKenney, A. Defense and infection of the human placenta. APMIS 2018, 126, 570–588.
Irina Pacu 1,2 , George-AlexandruRos,u 1,2,* , GiorgiaZampieri 1,2, AncaRîcu 1,2, Alexandra Matei 1,2 , Ana-Maria Davit,oiu 1,3, Teodora Vladescu 4 and CrînguAntoniuIonescu 1,2 (2022): SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy and Histological Alterations in the Placenta Diagnostics 2022, 12, 2258.
Lee, J.K., Oh, S.J., Park, H., Shin, O.S. Recent updates on research models and tools to study virus-host interactions at the placenta.Viruses2019, 12, 5.
Li, B., Yang, J., Zhao, F., Zhi, L., Wang, X., Liu, L., Bi, Z., Zhao, Y. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2020, 109, 531–538.
Li, M., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Li, X. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression of maternal–fetal interface and fetal organs by single-cell transcriptome study. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0230295.
Metz, T.D., Clifton, R.G., Hughes, B.L., Sandoval, G.J., Grobman,W.A., Saade, G.R., Manuck, T.A., Longo, M., Sowles, A., Clark, K., et al. Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with serious maternal morbidity and mortality from obstetric complications. JAMA 2022, 327, 748–759.
Meyer, J.A., Roman, A.S., Limaye, M., Grossman, T.B., Flaifel, A., Vaz, M.J., Thomas, K.M., Penfield, C.A. Association of SARS-CoV-2 placental histopathology findings with maternal-fetal comorbidities and severity of COVID-19 hypoxia. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 2022, 35, 8412–8418.
Patane, L., Morotti, D., Giunta, M.R., Sigismondi, C., Piccoli, M.G., Frigerio, L., Mangili, G., Arosio, M., Cornolti, G. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with coronavirus disease 2019-positive mothers and neonates at birth. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM 2020, 2, 100145.
Pique-Regi, R., Romero, R., Tarca, A.L., Luca, F., Xu, Y., Alazizi, A., Leng, Y., Hsu, C.D., Gomez-Lopez, N. Does the human placenta express the canonical cell entry mediators for SARS-CoV-2? Elife 2020, 9, e58716. [CrossRef]
PrabhuDas, M., Bonney, E., Caron, K., Dey, S., Erlebacher, A., Fazleabas, A., Fisher, S., Golos, T., Matzuk, M., McCune, J.M., et al. Immune mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: Perspectives and challenges. Nat. Immunol. 2015, 16, 328–334.
Rosenberg, A.Z., Yu, W., Hill, D.A., Reyes, C.A., Shwartz, D.A. Placental pathology of zika virus: Viral infection of the placenta induces villous stromal macrophage (hofbauer cell) proliferation and hyperplasia. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2017, 141, 43–48.
Schiuma, G., Beltrami, S., Santi, E., Scutiero, G., Sanz, J.M., Semprini, C.M., Rizzo, S., Fernandez, M., Zidi, I., Gafà, R., et al. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy on CD147, ACE2 and HLA-G expression. Placenta 2023, 132, 38–43.
Shook, L.L., Bordt, E.A., Meinsohn, M., Pepin, D., De Guzman, R.M., Brigida, S., Yockey, L.J., James, K.E., Sullivan, M.W., Bebell, L.M., et al. Placental Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in Maternal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: Are Placental Defenses Mediated by Fetal Sex? J. Infect. Dis. 2021, 224 (Suppl. S6), S647–S659.
Smithgall, M.C., Liu-Jarin, X., Hamele-Bena, D., Cimic, A., Mourad, M., Debelenko, L., Chen, X. Third-trimester placentas of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive women: Histomorphology, including viral immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization. Histopathology 2020, 77, 994–999.
Tosto, V., Meyyazhagan, A., Alqasem, M., Tsibizova, V., Di Renzo, G.C. SARS-CoV-2 Footprints in the Placenta: What We Know after Three Years of the Pandemic. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 699.
Valdespino-Vázquez, M.Y., Helguera-Repetto, C.A., León-Juárez, M., Villavicencio-Carrisoza, O., Flores-Pliego, A., MorenoVerduzco, E.R., Díaz-Pérez, D.L., Villegas-Mota, I., Carrasco-Ramírez, E., López-Martínez, I.E., et al. Fetal and placental infection with SARS-CoV-2 in early pregnancy. J. Med. Virol. 2021, 93, 4480–4487.
Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., Zhou, Q. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science 2020, 367, 1444–1448.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Advance Research in Medical & Health Science (ISSN: 2208-2425)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Licensing
Ninety Nine Publication publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This licensing allows for any use of the work, provided the original author(s) and source are credited, thereby facilitating the free exchange and use of research for the advancement of knowledge.
Detailed Licensing Terms
Attribution (BY): Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
No Additional Restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
