Phenomenology of Adolescent Suicide Attempt: A Basis For Program Design With A Transcendence Focus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnssh.v7i10.1059Keywords:
aolescent suicide suicide attemptAbstract
This study explored the lived experiences of seven adolescents who had attempted suicide and to determine the factors associated with their decision to commit suicide, the coping mechanisms they adopted after the suicide attempt, and the possible intervention program that can be implemented in order to prevent suicide in the first place. A multiple case study and phenomenological approach was used to delve into the experiences and real-life stories of adolescents who had attempted to end their life. Data were gathered through the use of semi-structured interviews. Respondents ranged in age from 16 to 21 years old and were from a selected high school and college in Surigao del Sur. Thematic analysis of recordings revealed several factors associated with adolescent suicide including family issues, stressful life events, low self-image, helplessness, hopelessness, lack of coping skills, and coping. Contributory factors were family conflict, family disruption, rejection, maltreatment, and history of family suicide. The most common themes relevant to coping were acceptance, realization, focus on studies, presence of supportive people, positive thinking, prayer, and faith in God. Based on the findings, a school-based intervention program to promote mental health as well as early detection and appropriate interventions for students who are at risk for suicide is proposed.
References
Barber, B.K., & Erickson, L.D. (2001). Adolescent social initiative: Antecedents in the ecology of social connections. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(4):326-354
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4 (1)
Beautrais, A.L. (2000). Child and young adolescent suicide in New Zealand. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35. 647– 653
Beck, A.T., Brown, G., & Steer, R.A. (1989). Prediction of eventual suicide in psychiatric inpatients by clinical ratings of hopelessness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1989;57:309–310
Berrios, G., & Mohanna, M. (2001). Durkheimian and French psychiatric views on suicide during the 19th century: A conceptual history. In W. Pickering (Ed.) Emile Durkheim: Critical assessments of leading sociologists, 4 (pp. 116-131). New York: Routledge
Bhugra, D. (2010). Commentary: Religion, religious attitudes and suicide. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39:1496– 8
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2012) Thematic analysis. In H. Cooper, P.M. Camic, D.L. Long, A.T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K.J. Sher (Eds). APA handbook of research methods in psychology, 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 57-71). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Brent DA, Johnson B, Bartle S, Bridge J, Rather C, Matta J, Connolly J, Constantine D. (1993) Personality disorder, tendency to impulsive violence, and suicidal behavior in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. ;32(1):69–75
Brown, J., Cohen, P., Johnson, J.G., & Smailes, E.M. (2007). Childhood abuse and neglect: Specificity of effects on adolescent and young adult depression and suicidality. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1490– 1496
Borges, V.R. & Werlang, B. S., & Donath, E.S., (2014). A Study of Suicidal Ideation Aged 13-19 years: Psicologia, Saude and Doencas, 7(2) 195-209
Capuzzi, D., & Golden, L. (1994). Preventing adolescent suicide (ERIC Dccument Reproduction Service No. 383 964) Chang, W., Yao, Y., Yuan, H., Chen, B., Liang, Y., Chen, Y., (2013). Prevalence of suicide ideation among middle school students in China: A systematic analysis of studies between 2000 and 2012. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 515–519
Charmaz, K. 2000. Grounded theory: Objectivist and contructivist methods. In The Handbook of Qualitative Research. Edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc
Cheng, Y., Tao, M., Riley, L., Kann, L., Ye, L., Tian, X., . (2009). Protective factors relating to decreased risks of adolescent suicidal behaviour. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35, 313–322
Chioqueta, A.P., & Stiles, T.C. (2007). The relationship between psychological buffers, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation: Identification of protective factors. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 28(2):67
Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGTDeLuca, (2016). Latina adolescents suicide ideation and attempts: Associations connectedness to parents, peers and teachers. Suicide and Life ThreateningBehavior, 42(6), 672-683
Davison, G. C., & Neale J. M. (2001). Abnormal psychology (8th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
De Luca, V., (2016) Childhood maltreatment increases the risk of suicide attempt in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 176:2-3, 572-577
Dougherty, P. (2007). Research synthesis: Adolescent suicide and substance abuse in the United States, 1990-2002. Journal of Addictions Nursing A Journal for the Prevention and Management of Addictions, 18(2), 81-91
Dunn,E.C., McLaughlin,K.A., Slopen, N., Rosand, J., & Smoller, J.W. (2017). Developmental timing of child maltreatment and symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in young adulthood: Results from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Depression
and Anxiety, 30, 955– 964
Durkheim, E. (1978). On institutional analysis. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, S.229-239. Originally published in Revue Philosophique, 90, 1-14
Durkheim E. In: Suicide: A Study of Sociology. Spaulding JA, Simpson G, translators. New York: Free Press; 1897/1951
Emirbayer, M. (2003) (Ed.). Sociologist of modernity. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher
Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). NewYork: W.W. Norton
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton
Esposito, C, (2006). Affective behavior and cognitive functioning in adolescents with multiple suicide attempts. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior
Fergusson, D.M., (2008). Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, 35, 1365-1374
Forman, E.M., Berk, M.S., Henriques, G.R., Brown, G.K., & Beck, A.T. (2004). History of multiple suicide attempts as a behavioral marker for severe psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161:437–443
Garrison C.Z., (1993) Aggression, substance use, and suicidal behaviors in high school students. Am J Public Health. ;83(2):179–84
Hair, E. C., Jager, J., & Garrett, S. B. (2002, July). Helping teens develop healthy social skills and relationships: What research shows about navigating adolescence. Retrieved September 20, 2004, from http://www.childtrends.org/File
Hendin, H. (2008). Introduction: suicide and suicide prevention in Asia. Suicide and Suicide Prevention in Asia. World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, 1-5
Huff, C.O., (2000) Source, recency, and degree of stress in adolescence and suicide ideation. Adolescence.Spring; 34(133):81-9
Howard-Pitney, B., LaFramboise, T.D., Basil, M., September, B., & Johnson, M. (1992). Psychological and social indicators of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in Zuni adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 473–476
Johnson JG, Cohen P, Gould MS, Kasen S, Brown J, Brook JS (2002) Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Aug; 59(8):741-9
Kidd, S., Henrich, C. C., Brookmeyer, K. A., Davidson, L., King, R. A., & Shahar, G. (2006). The social context of adolescent suicide attempts: Interactive effects of parent, peer, and school social relations. Suicide & Life - Threatening Behavior, 36(4), 386-395
Kim, Y.S., Leventhal, B.L., Koh, Y.J., & Boyce, W.T. (2009). Bullying increased suicide risk: Prospective study of Korean adolescents. Archives of Suicide Research, 13, 15– 30
Kohlberg, J.A., Peña, J.B., & Zayas, L.H. (2010). Familism, parent-adolescent conflict, selfesteem, internalizing behaviors and suicide attempts among adolescent Latinas. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41, 425-440
Klomek, A.B., Sourander, A., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I. & Gould, S. (2009). Childhood bullying as a risk for later depression and suicidal ideation among Finnish males. Journal of Affective Disorders, 109, 47– 55
Levinson, D. Haklia, Z., Stein, N., Polakiewicz, J., & Levav, I. (2007). Suicide ideation, planning and attempts: Result from the Israel National Health Survey
Maris, R., Berman, A., & Silverman, M. (2000). Comprehensive textbook of suicidology. New York: Guilford
McQuillan, C.T., (2000). Adolescent suicide: A review of the literature. Boletin de la Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico. 92:30–38
Lezin, N., Rolleri, L., Bean, S., & Taylor, J. (2004). Parent-child connectedness: Implications research, interventions, and positive impacts on adolescent health. ETR Associates. Retrieved from : http://www.popline.org/node/265596
Mazza, J. J. (2006). Youth suicidal behavior: A crisis in need of attention. In F. A. Villarruel & Luster, T. (Eds). Adolescent mental health (pp. 156-177). Greenwood Publishing Co
Meadows, L.A., Kaslow, N.J., Thompson, M.P., & Jurkovic, G.J. (2005). Protective factors against suicide attempt risk among African American women experiencing intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1):1121
Nock, M.K., Borges, G., Bromet., A.G, & Alonso, A.Y., (2008). Suicide: Global perspectives from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
O’Carroll, P., Crosby, A., Merecy, J., Lee, R., & Simon, T. (2001). Interviewing suicide decedents: A fourth strategy for risk factor assessment. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 32(S), 3-6
O’Connor, R. C., Connery, H., & Cheyne, W. M.(2000). Hopelessness: The role of depression, future directed thinking and cognitive vulnerability. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 5, 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/713690188
Pillay, A. L., Schlebusch, L. (1987) Parasuicide among Indian adolescents: Some cultural perspectives. South African Journal of Psychology, 17, 107–113
Pretorius, G., Chauke, A.P., & Morgan, B. (2011). The lived experiences of mothers whose children were sexually abused by their intimate male partners. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology,11,1, 114, DOI: 10.2989/IPJ
Quintos, M. A. (2017). Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts among the Filipino youth and its relationship with the family unit. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol. 5 No.2, 11-23 May 2017
Redaniel, M. T., Lebanan-Dalida, M.A., & D. Gunelli. (2011). Suicide in the Philippines: Timetrend analysis (1974-2005) and literature review. BMC Public Health, 11 (536)
Reed, S. C., Bell, J. F., & Edwards, T. C. (2011). Adolescent well-being in Washington state military families. American Journal of Public Health, 101(9), 1676-1682
Runeson B., (2002). Family history of suicide among suicide victims. American Psychiatry, 160:1525-1526
Serrano, B. (2013a). DOH Caraga seeks research to address depression and mental health issues among students in the region. Retrieved on April 30, 2017 from http://www.interaksyon.com//breakingnews
Serrano, B. (2013b). Another resident of the Caraga region hanged himself reportedly due to financial problems in Cabadbaran City, Agusan Del Norte. The Philippine Star. Retrieved on November 13, 2013 from https://www.philstar.com/nation
Serrano, B. (2013c). Another college student committed suicide in this city Sunday, the third in many months. Retrieved on August 27, 2013 from http://www.interaksyon.com//breakingnews
Shaffer, D., (1999), Methods of adolescent suicide prevention. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(2), 70-74
Speckens, A.E., & Hawton, K. (2005). Social problem solving in adolescents with suicidal behavior: A systematic review. Suicide Life Threatening Behavior
Shenassa, E., Catlin, S., & Buka, S. (2003). Lethality of firearms relative to other suicide methods: A population based study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57:120-124
Sison, G.B. (2017). The reality of suicide in the Philippines. Available online: http://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2017/09/11/reality-of-suicide-in-thphilippines.html
Sofronoff, K., Dalgleish, L., & Kosky, R.J. (2005). Out of options: A cognitive model of adolescent suicide and risk-taking. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
Sourander A, Helstelä L, Helenius H, Piha J (2001) Persistence of bullying from childhood to adolescence—a longitudinal 8-year follow-up study. Child Abuse Negl 24:873–881
Stang J, Story M (2005), Adolescent Growth and Transformation retrieved from http://www.epi.umn.edu/let/pubs/adol-book.shtm
Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis: The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology (2nd edition). London: Sage
Van Orden, K. A. (2010). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the interpersonal needs questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24, 197-215.doi:10.1037/a0025358
Wasserman, D. (2004). Trends in adolescent suicide mortality in the WHO EuropeanRegion. Eur Child Adolescence Psychiatry,13:321–331. World Health Organization (2014). Preventing suicide. A Global imperative: WHO Press. Geneva 27,Switzerland
Williams, J.M. and Pollock, L.R. (1993). Factors Mediating Suicidal Behaviour: Their Utility in Primary and Secondary Prevention. Journal of Mental Health, 2(1), 3-27
World Health Organization (2014). Suicide death rate by country. Retrieved December4 2016 fromhttp//www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause- of death/suicide/by country
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Disease and injury country mortality estimates, 2000–2015 [Data files]. RetrievedSeptember23,2017fromhttp://www.who.info healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates
World Health Organization (2018) Public Health Action for the prevention of suicide: Framework. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available online: https://www.who.int/newsroom/factsheet/detailsuicide
Yterdal, R.D (2016). Parenting styles and parental bonding styles as risk factors for adolescent suicidality. Retrieved on July 7, 2017 from http//hdl.handle.net
Zhang, W.D. (2016). Association between abnormal default mode network activity and suicidality in depressed adolescents. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 337
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Advance Research in Social Science and Humanities (ISSN: 2208-2387)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Terms & Condition
Submission -
Author can submit the manuscript through our online submission process or email us at the designated email id in contact details.
The other mode of submission not accepted than online and email.
Before submission please read the submission guidelines.
NN Publication accepts only article submitted in pdf/doc/docx/rtf file format. Another format except given file formats will no be considered .
Author will be responsible for the error mistakes in the submission files. The minor changes can be done without any cost after publication. But for major changes NN Publication may charges you the editing charges.
Publication (Online) -
The online publication is scheduled on last date of every month, but it can be delayed by 24 to 48 hours due to editorial process if huge number of articles comes to publish in single issue.
Automatic notificatation email will be sent to the all users on publication of an issue, so its author’s duty to check their email inbox or SPAM folder to get this notification.
After publication of article author can not withdraw their article.
If editor’s found any issue after publication of article then the NN Publication have the authority to remove the article from online website.
No refund will be provided after online publication of article.
Publication (Print) -
The print copy publication are sent as per the author’s request after 2 weeks of online publication of that issue.
NN Publication will ship the article by India Post and provide the consignment number on dispatch of print copy.
NN Publication follows all the guidelines of delivery provided by IndiaPost and hence not responsible for delay in delivery due to any kind of reasons.
Refund of hard copy will not be provided after dispatch or print of the journal.
NN Publication will be responsible for raise a complain if there is any issue occurs in delivery, but still will not be responsible for providing the refund.
NN Publication will be responsible to resend the print copy only and only if the print copy is lost or print copy is damaged in delivery / or there is delay more than 6 months.
According to India Post the delivery should be completed with in 1-3 weeks after dispatch of articles.
Privacy Policy-
NN Publicationl uses the email ids of authors and editors and readers for sending editorial or publication notification only, we do not reveal or sell the email ids to any other website or company.
