Household Wealth and Access to Education by Children in Democratic Republic of Congo: A Case of Kasongo District
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/nnssh.v7i11.1125Keywords:
Household Wealth, Access to Education, Democratic Republic of CongoAbstract
The purpose of the research was to assess the relationship between household wealth on education of children in Kasongo Districtt. The study objectives were; 1) to analyze the relationship between household income and enrollment rate; 2) to analyze the relationship between household income and rate of completion; 3) to determine the relationship between income, sex and the level of education of household heads, the number school age children, and the sex of the schooled child with education of children in Kasongo District. The study adopted a cross section case-study design with a sample size of 397, using administered questioners and interviewing methods for quantitative and qualitative findings respectively. Guided by human capital and the needs theories, the findings to the study revealed that low income in a household is negatively significant to enrollment of the learners in schools. Results revealed a highly significant relationship between household income and completion rate in primary (r=0.633, P=0.021) but insignificant correlation for secondary school completion rate (r=0.381, P=0.060). The study revealed significant relationship between sex of the household head, education levels of household heads, sex of schooling children and school completion for both cycles (P<0.05). The study concluded that household income significantly relate school enrolment rates for both cycles since the main focus is betterment of the human needs and quality human capital. Upon such, the Government and international partners need to strengthen efforts to reduce poverty and thereby enabling household sources of income for both ends discussed in the two theories.
References
Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (2012). The effect of age at school entry on educational attainment: An application of instrumental variables with moments from two samples. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87(418), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1992.10475212
Ani-Asamoah Marbuah, D. (2016). Influence of parental income and educational attainment on children’s years of schooling: case of ghana. Institutionen För Pedagogik, Didaktik Och Utbildningsstudier Department of Education, 1, 39. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se
Blanden, J., & Gregg, P. (2014). Family Income and Educational Attainment: A Review of Approaches and Evidence for Britain. CMPO Working Paper Series No. 04/101, 2(04), 56–67.
Blanden, J., Gregg, P., & Machin, S. (2012). Education and family income. Child Development, 2(1), 0–43.
Botha, F. (2018). The impact of educational attainment on household poverty in South Africa. Acta Academica, 2(3), 23–29.
Braga, B., Mckernan, S., Ratcliffe, C., & Baum, S. (2017). Wealth Inequality Is a Barrier to Education and Social Mobility. Opportunity and Ownership Initiative, 1(4), 45–56.
Bukuluki, P., & Mubiru, J. (2013). the Status of Social Security Systems in Uganda: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2(4), 45–67.
Christina, (2017). Gender and Educational Attainment Gender. Sida, 12(2), 567–678. http://fawe.org/activities/interventions/COEs/rwanda/index.php
Deng, S., & Sherraden, M. (2012). Household Assets, School Enrollment and Parental Aspirations for Child ren’ s Education in Rural China Does Gender Matter? Household Assets, School Enrollment and Parental Aspirations for Children’ s Education in Rural China: Does Gender Matter? CSD Working Papers, 1(12), 12–39.
Deolalikar, A. B. (2014). The Determinants of Primary School Enrollment and Household Schooling Expenditures in Kenya: Do They Vary by Income? Department of Economics, University of Washington, 1(2014).
Drajea, A. J., & O’Sullivan, C. (2014). Influence of parental education and family income on children’s education in rural Uganda. Global Education Review, 1(3), 149–166.
Githinji, J. M. (2012). Impact of family income on participation in primary education in buuri district, meru county. Unpublished Master’s Thesis Kenyatta University, 1(11), 123–234.
Gregg, P. (2014). Family Income and Educational Attainment: A Review of Approaches and Family Income and Educational Attainment: A Review of Approaches and Evidence for Britain. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 1(6), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grh014
Grimm, M. (2019). Does Household Income Matter for Children’ s Schooling? Evidence for Rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Forthcoming in Economics of Education Review, 30(4), 740–754.
Harmon, A. C. C., & Walke, V. O. I. (2017). the impact of parental income and education on the schooling of their children. Journal for Economic Educators, 1(12), 30–39.
Hong, R., Banta, J. E., & Betancourt, J. A. (2016). International Journal for Equity in Relationship between household wealth inequality and chronic childhood under-nutrition in Bangladesh. International Journal for Equity in Health, 10(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-5-15
Iddrisu, A. M. (2016). The Effect of Poverty, Household Structure and Child Work on School the Effect of Poverty, Household Structure and Child Work on School Enrolment. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(6), 23–34.
Jonathan, (2012). The Relationship Between Childhood Family Income, Educational Attainment and Adult Outcomes. Un Published Master’s Thesis Makerere University, 1(2), 567–590.
Karaalp-Orhan, H. S. (2018). The Impact of Gender-Specific Human Capital on Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation for Turkey. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 21(s1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2018-0021
Karagiannaki, E. (2012). The effect of parental wealth on children’ s outcomes in early adulthood. Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion London School of Economics Houghton, 1(8), 91–101.
Latchem, C. (2014). Informal Learning and Non-Formal Education for Development Maximizing Human Potential. Journal of Learning, 1(2), 45–60.
Lauer, M. B. C. (2012). Intergenerational Poverty Dynamics in Poland: Family Background and Children’s Educational Attainment During Transition. Discussion Paper No. 02-34 Intergenerational, 1(02), 234–567.
McDermott, R., & Vossoughi, S. (2020). The culture of poverty, again. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 14(2), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2020.1733960
McLeod, S. (2013). “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs”. Highgate Counselling Centre. Retrieved from http://highgatecounselling.org.uk/members/certificate/CT2%20Paper%201.pdf.
Mensah, F. K., & Kiernan, K. E. (2010). Gender differences in educational attainment: Influences of the family environment. British Educational Research Journal, 36(2), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920902802198
Munir Kayani, M., Akbar, R. A., Faisal, S., Kayani, A., & Amin Ghuman, M. (2017). Analysis of Socio-Economic Benefits of Education in Developing Countries: A Example of Pakistan. Bulletin of Education and Research, 39(3), 75–92.
Pender, J., Pender, J., Marré, A., & Reeder, R. (2019). Concepts, Strategies, and Measures. Economic Research Services, 1(12), 56–65.
Sackey, H. A. (2017). The Determinants of School Attendance and Attainment in Ghana: A Gender Perspective (Issue 1).
Sánchez, P. A., Rodríguez, R. D. H., & Maldonado, R. M. (2019). Barriers to Student Learning and Participation in an Inclusive School as Perceived by Future Education Professionals. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 8(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2019.1.321
Schultz, (2016). Gender and its Relevance to Macroeconomic Policy: A Survey. IMF Working Papers, 06(233), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451864939.001
Spitzer, C., Klauer, T., Grabe, H.-J., Lucht, M., Stieglitz, R.-D., Schneider, W., & Freyberger, H. J. (2013). Gender Differences in Dissociation. Psychopathology, 36(2), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1159/000070360
Swinnerton, K. A. (2016). How do adult returns to schooling affect children’ s enrollment? Raising future expected monetary gains to schooling and poor families’. US Department of Labor, and IZA, Germany, 1(10), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.305
Tom, (1997). Examining the Relationship Between. Individual Differences Research, 2(90), 370–374.
Voituriez, T., Morita, K., Giordano, T., Bakkour, N., & Shimizu, N. (2017). Financing the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Governing Through Goals: Sustainable Development Goals as Governance Innovation, 16301(10), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45443-0_24
Voyles, M. (2011). Student academic success as related to student age and gender. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, 2(1), 111.
Washbrook, E., Gregg, P., & Propper, C. (2014). A decomposition analysis of the relationship between parental income and multiple child outcomes. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A: Statistics in Society, 177(4), 757–782. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12074
World Bank Group. (2015). Public Expenditure Review of the Education Sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo. An Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Equity Analysis. World Bank Education, 1(Report No. ACS14542).
Yao, R., Adzido, N., Dzogbede, O. E., Ahiave, E., & Dorkpah, O. K. (2016). Assessment of Family Income on Academic Performance of Tertiary Students: The Case of Ho Polytechnic, Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Science, 6(3), 154–169. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v6-i3/2221
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Advance Research in Social Science and Humanities (ISSN: 2208-2387)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.