Land Use and Land Cover changes in the Centre Region of Cameroon.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/ta2n8a56Keywords:
Agricultural activities, Central Region, forest cover depletion, LULC, urbanizationAbstract
Cameroon territory is experiencing significant land use and land cover (LULC) changes since its independence in 1960. But the main relevant impacts are recorded since 1990 due to intensification of agricultural activities and urbanization. LULC effects and dynamics vary from one region to another according to the type of vegetation cover and activities. Using remote sensing, GIS and subsidiary data, this paper attempted to model the land use and land cover (LULC) change in the Centre Region of Cameroon that host Yaoundé metropolis. The rapid expansion of the city of Yaoundé drives to the land conversion with farmland intensification and forest depletion accelerating the rate at which land use and land cover (LULC) transformations take place. This study aims at assessing the impacts of both agriculture and urbanization on the LULC change in the Centre Region of Cameroon. A detailed LULC map from MAPBOX high resolution images and three LULC maps were produced from Landsat TM-OLI images (1984-2015). A maximum likelihood classification techniques using ERDAS Imagine, showed forest decline with a total loss of 54% in thirty years. Also, Landsat and MAPBOX images to which we added 1951 aerial photograph and SPOT 6 (2006) were used to analyse urban growth in the city of Yaoundé. The results show a remarkable urban spatial spread of the metropolis between 1951 and 2015, with a peak in 2000. Images processing enabled us to analyse the long term dynamics of LULC change since the 1950s in this Region using ArcGIS & QGIS software’s. Based on this dynamic, a LULC projection map was produced using Markov model on IDRISI Selva, demonstrating the decrease of the dense forest (45% in 2015 to 0.25% in 2050). It was estimated that by 2050, the entire dense forest can be depleted if nothing is done, while only 12.67% of the secondary forest would remain in the Region. Such a projected map is very useful to decision makers for council development and urban planning. This effective forest depletion ties with the hypothesis that urbanization of Yaoundé and its secondary surrounding satellite cities (within a radius of 30-100km) is a veritable driving force of deforestation.
References
Turner, B.L., Meyer, W.B., & Skole, D.L. Global land-use land-cover change - towards an integrated study. Ambio. 1994; 23 (1):91–95. doi: 10.2307/4314168.
Turner, B. L., Lambin, E. F. & Reenberg, A. “The Emergence of Land Change Science for Global Environmental Change and Sustainability.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104.52 (2007): 20666–20671.
Geist ,H. J. & Lambin, E. F. Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) Project IV. International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP) V. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), 2001, LUCC Report Series N° 4. CIACO Louvain-La-Neuve, LUCC International Project Office University of Louvain, 116p.
Lambin, E. F. & Geist, H.J. Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Local Processes and Global Impacts, Springer, 2006, Heidelberg, 222p
Verheye, W. Land Cover, Land Use and the Global Change - Land use, land cover and soil sciences – Vol. I 2006. Ed. Willy H Verheye. Oxford, UK: UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers, In Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
Verburg P. H., Neumann, K. and Nol, L. . Challenges in using land use and land cover data for global change studies. Global Change Biology (2011) 17, 974–989, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02307.x
Bonilla-Moheno, M., Grau, H.R., Aide, M., Álvarez-Berríos, N. & Babot,J. Globalization and land use in Latin America. Newsletter of the global land project. 2014. 10 , 5-7.
Zvoleff, A. Wandersee, S. An,L. & López-Carr, D. Land Use and Cover Change. Geography - Oxford Bibliographies. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199874002/obo-9780199874002-0105.xml?rskey=ypjB0b&result=41&print DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199874002-0105
Tian, H., Banger, K., Bo, T. & Dadhwal, V.K. History of land use in India during 1880-2010: large-scale land transformations reconstructed from satellite data and historical archives. Global and Planetary Change. 2014;121(April 2016):78–88. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.07.005.
Mayaux, P., Bartholomé, E., Fritz, S., & Belward, A). A new land-cover map of Africa for the year 2000. Journal of Biogeography. (2004) 31(6), 861-877.
Brink, A. B., & Douglas, H. E. Monitoring 25 years of land cover change dynamics in Africa: A sample based remote sensing approach. Applied Geography 29 (2009) 501–512. www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeog
De Wasseige, C., Tadoum, M., Eba’a Atyi, R. & Doumenge, C. (eds.). État des Forêts 2015 - Forêts et changements climatiques, 2015. 128p.
IPCC (2000). Watson et al. (Eds). Land use, Land-use Change, and Forestry: A Special Report. Cambridge University Press. (2000). Cambridge, UK. 375p
IPCC (2003). Penman et al (Eds). Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. UNEP-WMO-IGES, 2003, Japan.
IPCC, Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Summary for Policymakers Approved Draft. WMO, UNEP; 2019, 41p.
Geist, H.J. & Lambin, E.F. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Bioscience, 2002, 52 (2), 143-150.
Hosonuma, N., Herold, M., De Sy, V. De Fries, R.S., Brockhaus, M., Verchot, L., Angelsen, A. & Romijn, E. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environmental Research Letter, 2012, (7) 044009.
Swart, R.E. Monitoring 40 years of land use change in the Mau forest complex, Kenya: a land use change driver analysis. Thesis Report GIRS-2016-29 Centre for Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing Wageningen, 72p.
Deribew, K.T. & Dalacho, D.W. Land use and forest cover dynamics in the North-Eastern Addis Ababa, central Highlands of Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research, 2019 8: 8.
Jayne, T.S., Chamberlin, J. & Headey Derek, D. Land pressures, the evolution of farming systems, and development strategies in Africa: A synthesis. Food Policy 48 (2014) 1–17.
Oyinloye Ajide, M, Ogunlade Oluwole, S. & Owoeye Oluranti, J. Geo-Spatial Analysis of Informal Settlements on Landuse/Cover Change Areas of Osogbo, Nigeria. American Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development. Vol. 3, No. 3, 2018, pp. 55-70 http://www.aiscience.org/journal/ajesd
Gadrani, L., Lominadze, G. & Tsitsagi, M. F. Assessment of landuse/landcover (LULC) change of Tbilisi and surrounding area using remote sensing (RS) and GIS. Annals of Agrarian Science 16 (2), 2018, 163-169.
Kissinger, G. M. Herold, V. & De Sy, V. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation: A Synthesis Report for REDD+ Policymakers. Lexeme Consulting, 2012, Vancouver Canada, 46p.
Sabogal, C. Identifying drivers of land use change In South America. Capacity building workshop on ecosystem conservation and restoration to support achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets - Linhares, Brazil, 2014, March 24-28.
De Sy, V. & Herold, M. Monitoring drivers for REDD+: status and options. In 2nd GLP open Science Meeting, 19{21 March 2014, Berlin, Germany.
De Sy, V. Herold, M., Achard, F., Beuchle, R., Clevers, J G P W, Lindquist, E. & Verchot, L. Land use patterns and related carbon losses following deforestation in South America. Environmental Research Letters, IOP Publishing Ltd 10 2015, 124004.
De Sy, V., Herold, M., Achard, F., Beuchle, R., Besnard, S., Clevers, J.,Lindquist, E., Verchot, L. & Wijaya, A,. Drivers of deforestation in REDD+ countries: Results from a pan-tropical remote sensing analysis. In Our common Future Under Climate Change conference, 7 (2015), Paris.
De Sy, V. Remote sensing of land use and carbon losses following tropical deforestation. PhD Thesis, 2016,University of Wageningen.
Ngwa, N. E. Cameroon small farmers and agro-pastoral credit. Herder and Herder, 1989, New York.
Bamou, E. & Masters, A. W. Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Cameroon: Agricultural Distortions. Working Paper 42. 2007. World Bank, Washington, DC.
FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 2016. Climate change, agriculture and food security. 2016, Rome 173p http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6030e.pdf Accessed on 12 March, 2019
FAO, The future of Food and Agriculture. Trends and Challenges. 2017, Rome 163p www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf Accessed on 12 March, 2019
FAO, The state of the world forest. Forest pathways to sustainable development. 2018, Rome 118p http://www.fao.org/3/I9535EN/i9535en.pdf Accessed on 12 March, 2019
Agyei, Y. Deforestation in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Technology Forum, 1998. Vol. 8, No 1. http://web.mit.edu/africantech/www/articles/Deforestation.htm Accessed on 08 March, 2017.
FAO. The State of the World’s Forests. 2011. Rome. www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2000e/i2000e00.htm
Tchindjang, M. Urbanization and Poverty; Case study of Yaoundé. Guest Speaker, LUNA Project, 2010. Johannesburg.
Tchindjang, M. L’urbanisation durable comme outil de mise en œuvre de la transformation sociale et écologique (TSE) au Cameroun : quoi faire et comment ? « Médias et transformation sociale écologique (TSE) au Cameroun : Comment passer à l’action maintenant ? », 2019. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Yaoundé.
UN-Habitat & IHS-Erasmus University Rotterdam “The State of African Cities 2018: The geography of African investment.” (Wall R.S., Maseland J., Rochell K. and Spaliviero M). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2018, (UN-Habitat).London 322p.
Reid, Robin S., Russell L. Kruska, Nyawira Muthui, et al. “Land-Use and Land-Cover Dynamics in Response to Changes in Climatic, Biological and Socio-political Forces: The Case of Southwestern Ethiopia.” Landscape Ecology 15.4 (2000): 339–355.
Unruh, J., Cligget, L. & Hay, R. “Migrant Land Rights Reception and ‘Clearing to Claim’ in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Deforestation Example from Southern Zambia.” Natural Resources Forum 29.3 (2005): 190–198.
Akubia J.E. Coastal Urbanization and Urban Land-use change in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana. 2016. Water Power Working Paper, No.10. Governance and Sustainability Lab. Trier University.
United Nations Population Division (2001). World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision. Key Findings. United Nations Population Division
Antrop, M. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning 67 (2004) 9–26.
Freire, S. Santos, T. & Tenedório, J. A. Recent urbanization and land use/land cover change in Portugal. The influence of coastline and coastal urban centers. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 56. Proceedings of the 10th International Coastal Symposium ICS, 2009, Vol. II, 1499-1503.
Gallardo, M. & Martínez-Vega, J. Three decades of land use changes in the region of Madrid and how they relate to territorial planning. 2016.
Kavzoglu, T., Yilmaz E.O. & Tonbul, H. Object- based land use/land cover change detection using spatio -temporal images – a case study in metropolitan city of Istanbul, Turkey. The 40th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing. (ACRS). 2019
Seto, K.C., Güneralp, B., Hutyra, L.R. Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 40 (2012) 16083-16088..
Seto, K.C., Fragkias, M., Güneralp, B. & Reilly, M.K. A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. PloS One 6, 2011, .e23777.
Wang, L., Li, W., Wang, S. & Li, J. Examining urban expansion in the Greater Toronto area using Landsat imagery from 1974–2014. GEOMATICA. 69, (2), 2015, 161-172. dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2015-203
Barros, J.X. Urban growth in Latin American cities: exploring urban dynamics through agent-based simulation. 2004, PhD Thesis, University College London.
Eloy, L. & Le Tourneau, F-M. L’urbanisation provoque-t-elle la déforestation en Amazonie ? Innovations territoriales et agricoles dans le nord-ouest amazonien (Brésil), Annales de géographie 2009, vol.3, 667, p.204-227. [52] Yin, J., Yin, Z., Zhong, H., Xu, S., Hu, X., Wang, J. & Wu, J. Monitoring urban expansion and land use/land cover changes of Shanghai metropolitan area during the transitional economy (1979–2009) in China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 177, 2011, (1–4), 609–621
Patraa, S., Sahoo, S., Mishraa, P. Mahapatrac, S.C. Impacts of urbanization on land use /cover changes and its probable implications on local climate and groundwater level. Journal of Urban Management 7 (2) 2018, 70–84 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2018.04.006
Pawe, C.K. & Saiki, A. Unplanned urban growth: land use/land cover change in the Guwahati Metropolitan Area, India. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 2017. 88-100.
Nath, B., Niu, Z. & Singh, R.P. Land Use and Land Cover Changes, and Environment and Risk Evaluation of Dujiangyan City (SW China) Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4631; doi:10.3390/su10124631
Murayama, Y., Estoque, R.C. Subasinghe, S. Hou, H. & Gong, H. Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes in Major Asian and African Cities. Annual report on the multi use social and economic data bank, 2015, vol. 92, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Nkwemoh, C. A. & Tchindjang, M. Urban sprawl and agriculture : A case study of the Yaoundé metropolis (Cameroon). Revue Scientifique et Technique Forêt et Environnement du Bassin du Congo
, Volume 10. P. 45-58.
Yankson, P. W. K. & Bertrand, M. Challenges of Urbanization in Ghana. In Ardayfio-Schandorf, E., Yankson, P. W. K. & Bertrand, M. :The Mobile City of Accra Urban Families, Housing and Residential Practices. 2012, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) Dakar, pp.25-46
Kasa, L., Zeleke, G., Alemu, D. Hagos, F. &, Heinimann, A. Impact of urbanization of Addis Ababa city on perurban environment and livelihood (2011), 28p.
Binsangou, S., Ifo A.S., Ibocko, L., Louvouandou, L., Tchindjang, M. & Koubouana, F. Urban Growth and Deforestation by Remote Sensing in the Humid Tropical Forest of Congo Bassin: Case of Impfondo in Republic of Congo. American Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development Vol. 3, No. 3, 2018, pp. 46-54. http://www.aiscience.org/journal/ajesd
Kamga, A., Kouamé, C., Tchindjang, M., Chagomoka, T. & Drescher A. W. Environmental impacts from overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides amongst market gardening in Bamenda, Cameroon. Revue Scientifique et Technique Forêt et Environnement du Bassin du Congo. (2013)Volume 1. P. 6-19,
Tchindjang, M. Paradoxes et Risques Dans les Hautes Terres Camerounaises: Multifonctionnalité Naturelle et Sous Valorisation Humaine; Université de Paris: Paris, France, 2012; p. 266.
Ntsama Atangana, J., Tchindjang, M., Moulende, T., Bene Bene, C. L. Evaluation environnementale de la problématique de bois de feu dans la vile de Garoua Nord Cameroun. 2010. Colloque SIFEE http://www.sifee.org/Actes/actes_paris_2010/Communications/BLOC_4/S_4.1/3_NTSAMA_ATANGANA_TXT.pdf
Tchindjang, M., Amougou, J.A., Abossolo S.A. & Bessoh Bell, S. 2012. Challenges of climate change, landscape dynamics and environmental risks in Cameroon. In Landscape Evolution, Neotectonics and Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Cameroon: Palaeoecology of Africa, 2012 31, Ch.5, pp. 237-286. Taylor and Francis, London.
Mirkatouli, J., Hosseini, A. & Neshat, A. Analysis of land use and land cover spatial pattern based on Markov chains modelling. City, Territory and Architecture (2015) 2:4 DOI 10.1186/s40410-015-0023-8.
Brown, D.G., Pijanowski, B.C., & Duh, J.-D. Modeling the relationships between land-use and land-cover on private lands in the Upper Midwest, USA. Journal of Environmental Management, 2000 59, 247-263.
Brown, D.G., walker. R., Manson, S. & Seto, K. Modeling land-use and land-cover change. Land Change Science. Chapter 20, 2004. pp. 395-409. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2562-4_23
Agarwal, C., Green, G.M., Grove, J.M., Evans, T.P. & Schweik, C.M. A Review and Assessment of Land-Use Change Models: Dynamics of Space, Time, and Human Choice. 2002 GTR NE-297. Newton Square, PA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 61 p.
Meneses, B. M., Reis, E., Vale, M. J. & Reis, R. Modeling land use and land cover changes in Portugal: a multi-scale and 10 multi-temporal approach. Finisterra, LIII, 2018, 107, pp.3-26. doi: 10.18055/Finis12258.
Giri, Chandra P., (ed). Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis Series in Remote Sensing Applications. 2016. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 477p.
Megahed, Y., Cabral, P., Silva, J. & Caetano, M. Land Cover Mapping Analysis and Urban Growth Modelling Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Greater Cairo Region—Egypt. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2015, 4, 1750-1769; doi:10.3390/ijgi4031750
Raziq, A., Xu, A., Li, Y. & Zhao, Q. Monitoring of Land Use/Land Cover Changes and Urban Sprawl in Peshawar City in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Application of Geo- Information Techniques Using of Multi-Temporal Satellite Data. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS 2016, 5:4. DOI: 10.4172/2469-4134.1000174
Capucin M., Brand Sassen V., Machado Bueno C. et al. South America Land Use and Land Cover Assessment and Preliminary Analysis of Their Impacts on Regional Atmospheric Modeling Studies. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2014(99):1-14. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2363368
Salazar, A., Baldi, G., Hirota, M., Syktus,J. & McAlpine, C. Land use and land cover change impacts on the regional climate of non-Amazonian South America: A review. Global and Planetary Change. 2015, 128, 103-119.
Liu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Xu, X.; Kuang, W.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, S.; Li, R.; Yan, C.; Yu, D.; Wu, S.; et al. Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century. J. Geogr. Sci. 2010, 20, 483–494.
Lambin, E.F. & Meyfroidt, P. Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. PNAS (2011) 108(9):3465–3472.
Sleeter, B.M., Sohl, T.L., Wilson, T.S., Sleeter, R.R., Soulard, C.E., Bouchard, M.A., Sayler, K.L., Reker, R.R., and Griffith, G.E. Projected land-use and land-cover change in the Western United States, chap. 6 of Zhu, Zhiliang, and Reed, B.C., (eds.), Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the Western United States. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1797, 2012, 22 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs/gov/pp/1797.)
Franqueville, A. Yaoundé. Construire une capitale. Etudes Urbaines, ORSTOM. 1984. Paris, 192p.
Billen, R., & Cornélis, B. Géométrie de la spatiocarte: correction et validation. Bulletin de la Société Géographique de Liège, 2000, 38(1), 25-42. https://popups.uliege.be/0770-7576/index.php?id=2505&file=1
Girard M. C. & Girard C.M,. Traitement des données de télédétection. 1999. Dunod, Paris, 529 p.
FAO, Forest resources assessment 1990 - Survey tropical forest cover studies of change processes. 1996 FAO Forestry Paper 130, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/w0015e/w0015e00.htm
Achard F., Eva H. D., Stibig H. J., Mayaux P., Gallego J., Richards T. & Malingreau J. P., Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests. Science, 2002, 297 (5583): 999-1002.
Kamungandu C. M. La dégradation des forêts en République Démocratique du Congo : Études de cas sur l’évaluation de la dégradation des forêts. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper, 2009, 169.
BUCREP (Bureau central des recensements et des études de population, Cameroon). Troisième recensement général de la population et de l’habitat. Rapport de présentation des résultats définitifs. 2010, Yaoundé, 65p.
Agri-Stat at https://countrystat.org/home.aspx?c=CMR as well https://www.worldcat.org/title/agri-stat-cameroun-annuaire-des-statistiques-du-secteur-agricole/oclc/696014592
World Bank, Development Indicator 2018. (accessed 07.05.19) at
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.KD.ZG?end=2017&locations=CM&start=1965&view=chart
Tchindjang, M., Atangana, P., Bopda A., Eloundou Messi, B., Ndjawa Doutat, C., Kayo Ngouleu Mbofang, J. & Kengne Fodouop. Administrative and spatial evolution of Yaoundé town from 1898 to 1992. International Cartographic Conference, 2006. www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/poster/TEMA5/MESMIN
Mveng, E. Histoire du Cameroon. Tome II, CEPER, 1985, Yaoundé, 316p.
Kengne Fodouop, & Bopda, A. Un demi-siècle de recherche urbaine au Cameroon. RIEUCAM, (2000) Presses Universitaires de Yaoundé, 170p.
Bopda, A. Yaoundé et le défi Cameroonais de l’intégration : à quoi sert une capitale d’Afrique tropicale ? Editions du CNRS, 2003. Paris, 420p.
Eno Belinga, S. & Vicat J.P. Yaoundé, une grande métropole africaine au seuil du troisième millénaire. Les classiques Camerounais, 2001, Bar Le Duc, 280p.
Atangana, P. La production des objets en bois dans le panorama urbain de Yaoundé : stratégies des acteurs, impacts socio-économiques et environnementaux de la filière menuiserie-bois. Thèse de Doctorat en géographie de développement, 2018. Université de Yaoundé 1, 375p.
Franqueville, A. Le paysage urbain de Yaoundé. Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer, 1968. 21 (82) pp. 113-154.
Vaxelaire, M. L’agriculture urbaine à Yaoundé : Approche cartographique en vue une meilleure
intégration. Mémoire de Licence Professionnelle. Université de Strasbourg Faculté de Géographie et
d’Aménagement. Ecole Nationale du Génie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement de Strasbourg. 2010, 43p.
Schwartz, B. Hoyle, D. & Nguiffo, S. Tendances émergentes dans les conflits liés à l’utilisation des terres au Cameroon. Chevauchements des permis des ressources naturelles et menaces sur les aires protégées et les investissements directs étrangers, Yaoundé, 2012, rapport WWF. www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_5268.pdf .
Nguiffo S & Mbianda F. Une autre facette de la malédiction des ressources ? Chevauchements entre usages différents de l'espace et conflits au Cameroon « Politique africaine » 2013. Editions Karthala 2013/3 N° 131, pp. 143 à 162.
Lambin, E F., Turnerb, B.L., Geist H.J, Agbola, S. B., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J. W., Coomes, O.T., Dirzo, R., Fischerh, G., Folke, C., George, P.S., Homewood, K., Imbernon, J. Leemans, R., Lin, X., Moran, E.F., Mortimore, M., Ramakrishnan, P.S., Richards, J. F, Skanes, H., Steffen, W., Stone, G.D., Svedin, U., Veldkamp, T.A., Vogel, C. & Xu J. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change 2001 (11) 261–269.
Bhardwaj, G. How Poverty Is Causing Deforestation Across Africa. 2018. Accessed 07/12/2018
https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/how-poverty-causing-deforestation-across-africa
Tchindjang, M. Etude d’impact environnemental des palmeraies villageoises/élitistes sur la déforestation dans les paysages de la Sanaga Maritime et du bassin du Ndian : cas des arrondissements de Ngwéi et d’Ekondo Titi. 2016, WWF Report, OPAL Project, 126p.
The Africa agriculture status report. 2016. Progress towards Agricultural Transformation in Africa 288p.
Jayne, T.S. & Ameyaw, D. Chapter 1 Africa’s Emerging Agricultural Transformation: Evidence, Opportunities and Challenges pp. 2-23
Headey, D. & Jayne, T.S. Land pressures, the evolution of farming systems, and development strategies in Africa: A synthesis. 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.05.014Get rights and content
Chaléard, J.-L. Temps des villes, temps des vivres. L’essor du vivrier marchand en Côte-d’Ivoire . Thèse de doctorat d’État 1994 Université de Paris X-Nanterre, 1041 p.
Chaléard, J.L. Marchés et vivrier marchand en Afrique occidentale : le cas de la Côte d'Ivoire. In : Bart F., Bonvallot J & Pourtier R. (coord.) Regards sur l'Afrique. Historiens et Géographes, 2002 (379), 111-122. Regards sur l'Afrique : La Renaissance de la Géographie à l'Aube du Troisième Millénaire : Conférence Régionale de l'UGI, Durban (Afrique du Sud), 2002/08.
Téné, B. La production du vivrier marchand dans un système agraire en mutation. Le cas du haricot dans le département de la Mifi (Ouest Cameroun). Presses académiques Francophones, 2017 ; 76p.
Ebela, A.P. Le vivrier marchand dans la lutte contre la pauvreté des ménages en milieu rural : le cas du département de la Mvila dans le sud du Cameroun. Thèse de Doctorat de géographie. 2017. Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 380P.
Mertens B., Sunderlin W.D., Ndoye O. & Lambin E. F.,. Impact of macroeconomic change on deforestation in South Cameroon: integration of household survey and remotely-sensed data. World Dev., 2000 28 (6), 983-999.
FAO, Global forest resources assessment 2010. Main Report. 2010. FAO Forestry Paper, 163, 340p.
Megevand, C . Dynamiques de déforestation dans le bassin du Congo. Réconcilier la croissance économique et la protection de la forêt. Banque Mondiale, Directions du développement Environnement et développement durable, 2013, 179p.
Gillet, P., Vermeulen, C., Feintrenie, L., Dessard ,H. & Garcia, C. Quelles sont les causes de la déforestation dans le bassin du Congo ? Synthèse bibliographique et études de cas», BASE, 2016, Vol.20, N° 2, 183-194.
Laporte, N., Stabach, J., Grosch, R., Lin T.S.& Goetz, S. Expansion of Industrial Logging in Central Africa. Science, 2007, 316 (5830):1451.
Kleinschroth, F., Laporte, N., Laurance, W. F., Goetz, S. J., & Ghazoul, J. Road expansion and persistence in forests of the Congo Basin. Nature Sustainability. 2019 .doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0310-6
Tchatchou, B., Sonwa, D.J., Ifo, S. & Tiani A.M. Déforestation et dégradation des forêts dans le Bassin du Congo. État des lieux, causes actuelles et perspectives. 2015. Papier Occasionnel 120, CIFOR, Bogor, 47p.
Kalacska, M., Arroyo-Mora, J. P. , Lucanus, O. & Kishe-Machumu, M. A. Land Cover, Land Use, and Climate Change Impacts on Endemic Cichlid Habitats in Northern Tanzania. Remote Sensing. 2017, 9, 623; doi:10.3390/rs9060623 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing
Bopda, A. La dynamique de l’espace urbain à Yaoundé, Reconstruction et expansion post-colonial du bâti. Thèse de Doctorat de 3ème cycle Université de Yaoundé, 1985, 312p.
Bopda, A. Yaoundé dans la construction nationale au Cameroun : Territoire urbain et intégration. Thèse de Doctorat Université de Paris panthéon Sorbonne ; 1997, 2 tomes, 307p + 204p.
Tchotsoua, M. Érosion accélérée et contrainte d’aménagement dans le département du Mfoundi au Cameroun : une contribution à la gestion de l’environnement urbain en milieu tropical humide, Thèse de Doc. De 3è cycle, Université de Yaoundé, 1994, 296 p.
Amougou, J. V. Périurbanisation et dégradation de l’environnement : le cas des marges septentrionales de Yaoundé, Mémoire de Maitrise Université de Yaoundé I, 1999, 109p
AfDB, OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). African Economic Outlook 2016: Sustainable Cities and Structural Transformation 2016.
FAO, The State of World's Forests - 2001 – Rome, 181p. www.fao.org/3/a-y0900e.pdf Accessed on 10 May, 2015.
CSC & WUR. Fiches d’information des pays. Scénarios des changements climatiques dans le Bassin du Congo. Fiche d’information - Hydrologie et Energie - République du Cameroun - Zone 2. Rapport final, 2013, 67p.
Meneses, B. M., Reis, R., Vale, M. J., & Saraiva, R. Land use and land cover changes in Zêzere watershed (Portugal) – Water quality implications. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 527-528, pp. 439-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.092
Mertens B. & Lambin, E. F.. Land-Cover-Change Trajectories in Southern Cameroon. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2000, 90, 467-494.
Ernst, C., Mayaux, P., Verhegghen, A., Bodart, C., Christophe, M. & Defourny, P.. National forest cover change in Congo Basin: deforestation, reforestation, degradation and regeneration for the years 1990, 2000 and 2005, Global Change Biology, 2013,Vol. 19, Issue4 ; p1173-1187.
CBFP & CARPE. The forests of the Congo basin: a preliminary assessment. 2005, http://carpe.umd.edu/products/PDF_Files/FOCB_APrelimAssess.pdf
Pacheco P., Aguilar-Støen, M., Börner, J., Etter, A., Putzel L. & Vera Diaz, M.C. Landscape Transformation in Tropical Latin America: Assessing Trends and Policy Implications for REDD+. Forests 2011, 2, 1-29; doi:10.3390/f2010001
Desclée B., Mayaux P., Hansen M., Lola Amani P., Sannier C., Mertens B., ... Vrieling A., & Mermoz S. 2014. Évolution du couvert forestier du niveau national au régional et moteurs du changement. In : de Wasseige C. et al., éds. Les forêts du Bassin du Congo : état des forêts 2013. Neufchâteau, Belgique : Weyrich, pp. 21-46.
Bahuchet, S. & Betsch, J.-M. L’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis, une menace sur la forêt tropicale humide ? Revue d’ethnoécologie [En ligne], 1 | 2012, mis en ligne le 30 novembre 2012, URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ethnoecologie/768
UNDP. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles. Cameroun. 2008. McSweeney, M. New and G. Lizcano.http://www.helio-international.org/uploads/VARCameroun.Fr.pdf.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Advance Research in Social Science and Humanities (ISSN 2208-2387)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Terms & Condition
Submission -
Author can submit the manuscript through our online submission process or email us at the designated email id in contact details.
The other mode of submission not accepted than online and email.
Before submission please read the submission guidelines.
NN Publication accepts only article submitted in pdf/doc/docx/rtf file format. Another format except given file formats will no be considered .
Author will be responsible for the error mistakes in the submission files. The minor changes can be done without any cost after publication. But for major changes NN Publication may charges you the editing charges.
Publication (Online) -
The online publication is scheduled on last date of every month, but it can be delayed by 24 to 48 hours due to editorial process if huge number of articles comes to publish in single issue.
Automatic notificatation email will be sent to the all users on publication of an issue, so its author’s duty to check their email inbox or SPAM folder to get this notification.
After publication of article author can not withdraw their article.
If editor’s found any issue after publication of article then the NN Publication have the authority to remove the article from online website.
No refund will be provided after online publication of article.
Publication (Print) -
The print copy publication are sent as per the author’s request after 2 weeks of online publication of that issue.
NN Publication will ship the article by India Post and provide the consignment number on dispatch of print copy.
NN Publication follows all the guidelines of delivery provided by IndiaPost and hence not responsible for delay in delivery due to any kind of reasons.
Refund of hard copy will not be provided after dispatch or print of the journal.
NN Publication will be responsible for raise a complain if there is any issue occurs in delivery, but still will not be responsible for providing the refund.
NN Publication will be responsible to resend the print copy only and only if the print copy is lost or print copy is damaged in delivery / or there is delay more than 6 months.
According to India Post the delivery should be completed with in 1-3 weeks after dispatch of articles.
Privacy Policy-
NN Publicationl uses the email ids of authors and editors and readers for sending editorial or publication notification only, we do not reveal or sell the email ids to any other website or company.
